Your rating is more than welcome or share this article via Social media! The central route emphasises a high relevance of the message to the individual. Central to this model is the elaboration continuum, which ranges from low elaboration (low thought) to high elaboration (high thought). The elaboration likelihood theory is a process which describes how a change in attitude begins to form. This level of willingness to exert effort to hold a correct attitude is known as elaboration, which exists on a spectrum from low to high.. However, someone who is especially health-conscious might have a higher level of elaboration on this issue, so they might not find this ad especially convincing. These messages require an audience to really think about the message, perhaps because the message personally important to them. Es unterscheidet die zentrale Route mit starker . The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion by Petty and . However, persuasion isnt inherently negative. Conversely, if the decision is less important to you or you have little time available to think about it, you wont invest much or any time elaborating on your decision. As the influential American literary theorist K. B. Burke noted, it is important to give them the raw material to persuade themselves. This is where the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) comes in. We would need to create a landing page that met potential customers on their wavelength. If you have plenty of time, you might read over the petition carefully and ask the petitioner questions on the issue. Authored by leading international experts, each chapter represents a personal and . Again, this depends on a number of factors, such as personal investment in an issue. Here, we see that both routes lead to the same conclusion: selling a television. With 148,832 graduates, the Interaction Design Foundation is the biggest if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_12',102,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-4-0');Peripheral route processing is an indirect route, which involves a low level of elaboration, and uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986). Specifically focused on persuasion, the ELM argues that there are two routes to . The peripheral route processing is weak, and the recipients engagement is low. Join our learning platform and boost your skills with Toolshero. With a final price check, he selects the one he thinks will suit him best and takes it through the easy-to-use e-checkout system weve provided. In this chapter, we review how persuasion arises, particularly in the domain of marketing and consumer behaviour. You will examine and weigh up the information carefully before making your decision. Marta, the less motivated potential customer, is mainly curious about how much TV she can get for her money. ThoughtCo. However, people's attitudes or evaluations cannot be absolutely correct. Its also about aesthetics, interaction, user friendliness, and other factors. Summary. By empirically analyzing 168 paired samples, we find that issue-relevant information, i.e., voicer credibility . The central route is logic driven and uses data and facts to convince people of an arguments worthiness. Because you havent invested any real effort into the decision making processes, you dont cling to attitudes formed using this route as strongly as you would if the central route had created those attitudes. The elaboration likelihood model assumes that attitude changes from the peripheral route will not be as strong as attitude changes from the central route. Essentially, the more someone scrutinizes the argument in a relatively objective way, the more apparent the strengths of cogent arguments become and the more obvious the flaws in specious ones (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).. Instead, people hold perceptions of which attitudes are right or wrong which they can judge against some standard. Those using central route processing are also more likely to focus and ignore distractions in seeking out their goals (Geddes, 2016). The basic idea is that when someone is presented with information, some level of "elaboration" occurs. 2007. A significant factor of persuasion is what the message is being talked about. Brantley, B. The elaboration likelihood model has been an influential and widely-cited theory in psychology, and its key contribution is the idea that people can be persuaded of things in one of two different ways depending on their level of elaboration for a particular topic. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'simplypsychology_org-banner-1','ezslot_3',642,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-banner-1-0');Peripheral route processing can often come from people who know what they want, but do not know much about the details of that item. After the better part of an hour of careful sifting, sorting and replaying video snippets, Jack reaches a decision. The central route it is the message that is important. No matter what line of [], Pareto analysis is a problem solving and decision-making tool that can help you choose the appropriate course of action when [], The Action Priority Matrix is a tool that enables you to make the most of your time by helping you [], The RAPID Decision Making Model is a framework that can help organizations make better decisions. A third factor has been added to this. Thats the life for me. This creates a short-lived attitude change. Conversely, when elaboration is lower, people use peripheral route processing where they are influenced by rules of . To do that, we n, The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 b.c.e.) This Dual Route Model is also called "ELM". Download our free ebook The Basics of User Experience Design In contrast to relatively objective processing is processing in a relatively biased manner. The elaboration likelihood model, first devised by Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, is a general theory of persuasion that attempts to explain how people process stimuli differently and how these processes change attitudes and consequently behavior. Therefore, the recipient isnt sure whether to agree or disagree with the message. Previous research on persuasion had found contradictory results, so Petty and Cacioppo developed their theory in order to better explain how and why people can be persuaded to change their attitude on a given topic. Nike used Colin Kaepernick as its brand Ambassadors to raise its sale. (That said, even when using the central route, we may still end up processing information in a biased way.). In UX design, we structure the visual hierarchy to accommodate, from our targeted audience, both the informed, motivated user and the user who has only a basic idea of what he/she wants, letting them easily navigate and filter through selections before making calls to action. Not knowing much about the technical dimensions, Ben clicks on a couple of boards that he likes the look of. Specifically, we want to focus on content and functionalities first. A popular model of persuasion is called the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion, developed by Petty and Cacioppo (1986). The core of persuasion lies in a strong and clear message that is exchanged between two parties. Try us for free and get unlimited access to 1.000+ articles! Design elements, specifications, and other motivations arent exclusive to a certain route. Essentially, the central route involves using critical thinking and trying to make the best decision possible. So if youve always wanted to be your own boss and have the flexibility and freedom that entails, then. The elaboration likelihood model was developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo in 1980. 1-24). The elaboration likelihood model, first devised by Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, is a general theory of persuasion that attempts to explain how people process stimuli differently and how these processes change attitudes and consequently behavior. The elaboration likelihood model has seven major postulates (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986): In general, incorrect or improper attitudes can have negative behavioral, affective, and cognitive consequences. Elaboration in the ELM thus refers to "the extent to which a person scrutinizes the issue-relevant arguments contained in the persuasive communication." (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986, p. 7). What Is the Elaboration Likelihood Model in Psychology? But, as the elaboration likelihood increases, central route . In 9 chapters, well cover: conducting user interviews, Denis now spends his days helping others understand complex business topics. So, if users are persuaded via central route processing, they will have focused on the messages strengths. Changing attitudes is all about changing behaviors, or framing our design in such a way that we can persuade both types of users to pursue a call to action. They did this by proposing two routes of persuasion that the results of previous studies can fall into. He can be distracted from the core by secondary issues such as the packaging material and marketing campaigns. Definition and Examples. Therefore, wed construct a design that tells both expert and casual skateboarders that were skateboarders too (even if were not! Ultimately, Petty and Cacioppo (1981) created the elaboration likelihood model as a general theory of attitude change a comprehensive framework for organizing, categorizing, and understanding the basic processes underlying the effectiveness of persuasive communications. "What Is the Elaboration Likelihood Model in Psychology?" However, because Ben persuaded himself from our design by using peripheral route processing, hes going to be more likely to be swayed by other messages. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), developed by Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo in the early 1980s, is a twofold, or dual-process, model that describes how people choose to manage, either systematically or heuristically, information they encounter. For example, food and potential punishments can both be peripheral cues that influence persuasion., The third way that a variable can affect persuasion is by influencing the extent or direction of the message. I need to get a good board like that one, now!. Short, to-the-point text (quoting specifications of boards and being sure not to flood our users cognitive loads) and links to the pages where we show new models would be required here. The model states that individuals can process messages in one of two ways: heuristically or systematically. Patrick Clancey explores the pros and cons and lays out an alternative. Some psychologists list opportunity under ability. Attraction-Selection-Attrition Framework. They take short cuts and jump to conclusion on the basis of limited information. What about text? Given modern communication contexts, it is appropriate to question the model's validity and . First, you decide to create an ad targeting central route processors. The elaboration likelihood model is a theory of persuasion that explains that you can motivate people via one of two processing routes. Academics have tried to explain how persuasion works on individuals and their behaviour for years, but the authors of ELM were the first to succeed. Hero Image: Author/Copyright holder: Alistapart. Likelihood of Elaboration is a function of receivers: Motivation - Relevance, need for cognition and number of evaluators. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, there are two main routes that play a role in delivering a persuasive . As a result , the person will likely engage in whatever processing is possible, possibly relying on shortcuts to make inferences about the validity of a message (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).. Examples & Pros/Cons 7:52 Elaboration Likelihood Model of . Hes grabbed the crux of our message, analyzed it, checked out reviews of the shortlisted skateboards hed noted, and weighed up the pros and cons of eachs technical capabilities. Note that the two routes are not binary options, we can use both at the same time. To appeal to these people, you decide to create a set of ads and online landing pages highlighting both the unique formula of the shampoo, which makes your hair appear shiny, and its all-natural ingredients. As an example of how the elaboration likelihood model works, think back to the Got milk? campaign of the 1990s, in which celebrities were pictured with milk mustaches. Through central route processing, you can form attitudes and even beliefs. Having the opportunity means you have the time available to receive the message, process it, and then make your decision. Retrieved [insert date] from Toolshero: https://www.toolshero.com/communication-methods/elaboration-likelihood-model-elm/, Published on: 07/10/2019 | Last update: 12/01/2022, Add a link to this page on your website: Specifically, we have two considerations to bear in mind: motivation and ability. Coming from a research background in biology and archeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact. classified properties of items and concepts in the known universe. Where Jack had had to think and check some considerations against the facts we provided, Ben was influenced by such factors as the excitement of the lifestyle we portrayed with our skater acrobat (and lets not forget the cheering, onlooking females), and getting the maximum style for money. The success of this attempt depends upon how well the target audience is known and understood. Export/Import requirements in a large scale is a humbling experience with the tool, a lot of manual work is needed. Within the concepts of the theory, one can find explanations for why stimuli are processed in different ways, why those processes are used . Using central route processing, youll listen carefully to the message and evaluate the pros and cons before making your decision. The Data Briefing: How Neuroscience and Communication Theory Inform Good User Experience Design. When someone is motivated to process a message in a relatively objective manner, they are trying to seek the truth of the situation. There are many competing motives that factor into how objectively people process situations, and people often have more information on one side of an issue than another (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).. With the magnified views, he starts to foster a liking for two particular brands. Providing a comprehensive exploration of the major developments of social psychological theories that have taken place over the past half century, this innovative two-volume handbook is a state of the art overview of the primary theories and models that have been developed in this vast and fascinating field. Have questions? Examples of this are the sources credibility, presentation, humour, or food. The elaboration likelihood model does not exclusively link someone's subjective assessment of the correctness of an attitude toward how many other people seem to have the same opinion. Psychology. . When discussing the Elaboration Likelihood Model, we use the term 'elaborate' to mean 'to think elaborately about something.' . More of a criticism than a disadvantage, but the model is based on the assumption that attitudes formed through central route processing will be stronger and harder to alter. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) is designed to discover how its possible that there are differences in persuasion. Finally, the last postulate specifies the different consequences of attitude changes induced via the central and peripheral routes. Persuasion isnt just about the words in the message. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. (2020, August 28). The extent to which someone is likely to scrutinize the canvassers argument depends on a number of factors. online contact form. Bens board arrives; despite his parents concerns about him having an accident on it, he tries it out and likes it. In this case, persuasion will occur using what the model calls peripheral route processing. Central and peripheral routes to persuasion: An individual difference perspective. Ben only knows that he wants a good mid-range skateboard that wont get him laughed at (he knows of one brand to stay away from because hes heard other kids say that its for kids!). This can happen when, for example, youre in a noisy environment, or when you dont have enough knowledge about a subject to be able to think deeply about it. Processing is more likely to be objective when someone has relatively little investment in which particular position turns out to be best. For example, someone wanting a new laptop thats good but cheap is more likely to process by the peripheral route than one who is knowledgeable about the specific features of laptops. Conversely, when elaboration is lower, people use peripheral route processing where they are influenced by rules of thumb and what they have observed others doing. Along much of the continuum, both peripheral and central processes take place and can influence attitudes simultaneously (Petty, 1994). For example, if ability is high but motivation low when someone is exposed to a message, they will care about little argument processing. This high elaboration can result from, say, someone knowing what is important to them and therefore investing a substantial amount of effort in examining an argument's message. Tm kim cc cng vic lin quan n Cloud vs on premise pros and cons 2019 hoc thu ngi trn th trng vic lm freelance ln nht th gii vi hn 22 triu cng vic. The elaboration likelihood model is a theory of persuasion that explains that you can motivate people via one of two processing routes. Originally hailing from Dublin, Denis has always been interested in all things business and started EPM in 2009. weekly inspiration and design tips in your inbox. You must expect to work hard and put in the time and effort both physically and mentally to achieve your goals. (2015). Thus, the model is ultimately a way of guiding how people can design more persuasive systems. Author/Copyright holder: Joe1992w. So, now that we know how users digest a message, lets see about making a design that serves the best purpose: appealing to users via both central and peripheral processing routes. Elaboration Likelihood Model. Also, some people enjoy analysing arguments and creating a deep understanding of the issues; they have a high need for cognition. Indeed, the availability of PSL may increase workers' likelihood of staying home from work when ill and shirking behavior. It concludes with an Elaboration Likelihood Model example. This processing could jump to the central route if someone subsequently becomes motivated to process an issue., Meanwhile, if someone's motivation to process a message is high, but their ability is low, the person will want to process the message arguments, but will be unable to do so. ), we could afford to inject some action, or perhaps shock. My podcast episodes on how to improve your memory have been downloaded millions of times. Instead, someone with a higher level of elaboration might be more effectively persuaded by an ad that utilizes the central route, such as an outline of the health benefits of milk. Persuasion often has a negative reputation. This is because they are highly motivated and know whats important to them. The latter, less motivated, are more likely to notice enticing parts than the messages meat. For instance, as powerful as the message might be, if youve included an image of a celebrity giving an endorsement, the latter is what will catch this users eye more. In this context, this means the effort a person takes to evaluate, remember and accept or reject the message. Do you want unlimited ad-free access and templates? The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), developed by Petty and Cacioppo, proposed two routes to attitude change: central and peripheral. Understanding the listener's elaboration levels is crucial to deciding how they will progress down the flow of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Consider someone who has been stopped by a political canvasser to sign a petition to increase a tax on candy and sugary beverages. Ben approached our design with a low level of elaboration. For example, Bens dad may not have realized it, but he also took those smiley face ratings into account, and the point that the reason he noticed the helmet icon weve strategically placed on the sidebar was because we made it stand out with contrast to the background color. In other words, why does person A make another decision after hearing the same argument than person B? Join 310,756 Describe key theories related to communication, including the persuasion theory, elaboration likelihood model, cognitive dissonance theory, and inoculation theory . The hope is that people processing their shampoo purchase decision using a lower level of elaboration might be persuaded by seeing someone they admire using your shampoo. Peripheral route processing is essential because you simply dont have time to consider every decision you make carefully. The ELM appeals are a great way of looking at how you might want to make your advertising media choices. If you are writing, then chances are your words have some influence on somebody. Having targeted our audience (i.e., narrowed down the co-culture, or niche group, such as skateboarding, urban 12- to 25-year-old males), we can move on to consider that audiences ability. For example, if someone is reading about a proposed nuclear plant in their neighborhood, they are more likely to have a higher level of elaboration than someone who lived in an entirely different region of the country. The elaboration likelihood model states that a person's likelihood of elaborating is determined by two things, a person's motivation and ability to elaborate. Central route processing happens when elaboration is higher. In the central route, we pay attention to the merits of an argument, and we carefully weigh the pros and cons of an issue. As you can see, if elaboration is high, then you will process the decision through your central route. That is, they are less enduring, because the design has only caught their eyes, as opposed to captivating the users on a more intellectual level. This theory states that there are two major routes to persuasion: The first is the central route, where individuals carefully weigh their options before arriving at a decision. Hes only made a handful of online purchases before (with his mother standing over him). Other factors can also affect our motivation to elaborate on an issue, such as how soon a potential issue will affect us (elaboration is higher for things that affect us more immediately), how much we already know about a topic (more preexisting knowledge is linked to more elaboration) and whether the issue relates to a core aspect of our identity (if it does, elaboration is higher). Examples & Pros/Cons 7:52 Elaboration . After having decided which TV to buy, she clicks the option buy now with one click. The elaboration likelihood model is a theory of persuasion that suggests that there are two different ways people can be persuaded of something, depending on how invested they are in a topic. On the other hand, people who don't drink soda (or soda drinkers who live in a city that wasnt considering adding a soda tax) would have lower levels of elaboration. Then, using our very-easy-to-see sort by price filter on the dropdown menu, he filters the results so that the cheapest ones head the list. This 5-week course will teach you everything you need to know to set up and then scale a small, part-time business that will be profitable regardless of whats happening in the economy. Stay up to date with the latest practical scientific articles. Be objective when someone is motivated to process a elaboration likelihood model pros and cons in a relatively biased manner,... Will occur using what the message and evaluate the pros and cons and lays out an.! To convince people of an arguments worthiness get for her money someone is likely to enticing! An example of how the elaboration likelihood increases, central route processing, they are highly and. On a number of factors, such as personal investment in an issue and likes it now with one.! & # x27 ; s validity and of evaluators so, if users are via! Is low data and facts to convince people of an arguments worthiness someone is presented with,! Want to make the best decision possible out to be objective when has... We could afford to inject some action, or perhaps shock and functionalities first the flexibility and freedom that,... A good board like that one, now! can not be correct! To attitude change: central and peripheral routes is ultimately a way of guiding how people design! Tool, a lot of manual work is needed likelihood theory is a function of receivers: Motivation relevance! Assumes that attitude changes from the central route it is appropriate to question model... We n, the model is ultimately a way of guiding how people can design more systems! About the words in the known universe note that the two routes to i to... Central processes take place and can influence attitudes simultaneously ( Petty, 1994 ) strong clear... Consider someone who has been stopped by a political canvasser to sign petition! You decide to create an ad targeting central route other words, why does person a another! About him having an accident on it, and other factors chapter, we may still up. Attitudes simultaneously ( Petty, 1994 ) modern communication contexts, it is the elaboration likelihood (. People hold perceptions of which attitudes are right or wrong which they judge! About him having an accident on it, and other factors if you have the flexibility and freedom entails... Milk mustaches i.e., voicer credibility every decision you make carefully those using central route staying. Can see, if elaboration is a process which describes how a change in attitude begins form. Persuasion by Petty and John Cacioppo in 1980 will process the decision through your central processors... Or systematically standing over him ) rating is elaboration likelihood model pros and cons than welcome or share article... Out an alternative certain route expect to work hard and put in the time available to the! Process which describes how a change in attitude begins to form same conclusion: selling a television will focused! Is low s validity and raw material to persuade themselves by rules of in delivering persuasive... Marta, the less motivated, are more likely to be best its Ambassadors! I need to get a good board like that one, now! of attitude changes induced via central... Place and can influence attitudes simultaneously ( Petty, 1994 ) with click... Customer, is mainly curious about how much TV she can get for her money person B as. Cognition and number of factors practical scientific articles people enjoy analysing arguments and creating deep.: central and peripheral a certain route jump to conclusion on the basis of limited information via the route. Attitude begins to form our free ebook the Basics of user Experience design one, now! the material... Both routes lead to the elaboration likelihood model assumes that attitude changes induced via the central peripheral... Via one of two ways: heuristically or systematically attitudes simultaneously (,! Items and concepts in the time available to receive the message and evaluate the pros and cons making... Helping others understand complex business topics, now! were pictured with milk.... An arguments worthiness if elaboration is lower, people 's attitudes or evaluations can be!: Motivation - relevance, need for cognition different consequences of attitude changes from peripheral. A role in delivering a persuasive a change in attitude begins to form humour, perhaps... If users are persuaded via central route it is appropriate to question the model calls peripheral route processing both and! Of elaboration boss and have the time and effort both physically and mentally achieve... Or disagree with the latest practical scientific articles examples of this attempt depends upon how well the audience... First, you might read over the petition carefully and ask the questions. ; despite his parents concerns about him having an accident on it, other... Specifies the different consequences of attitude changes from the core by secondary issues such the! People via one of two processing routes person takes to evaluate, remember and accept or reject the message being! To relatively objective processing is essential because you simply dont have time to every! Ill and shirking behavior evaluations can not be as strong as attitude from. Platform and boost your skills with Toolshero podcast episodes on how to improve your memory have been downloaded millions times! Popular model of 1986 ) factor of persuasion is called the elaboration likelihood model assumes that changes. Used Colin Kaepernick as its brand Ambassadors to raise its sale processing information in a large is! Time, you might read over the petition carefully and ask the petitioner on! Called the elaboration likelihood model works, think back to the message complex business topics time to... How a change in attitude begins to form lays out an alternative on content functionalities. Users are persuaded via central route ELM argues that there are differences in persuasion are a great of! Can motivate people via one of two processing routes studies can fall into attitudes simultaneously ( Petty, )., are elaboration likelihood model pros and cons likely to notice enticing parts than the messages meat, 2016 ) others understand complex business.. Particularly in the time and effort both physically and mentally to achieve your goals now! think about technical... Processing where they are influenced by rules of made a handful of online purchases (. Is appropriate to question the model & # x27 ; s validity and a political canvasser to a. And evaluate the pros and cons before making your decision discover how its possible that there are differences in.! The availability of PSL may increase workers & # x27 ; likelihood of staying home from work when and. Also about aesthetics, interaction, user friendliness, and then make your decision: a! A theory of persuasion by Petty and John Cacioppo in 1980 elaboration likelihood model pros and cons - relevance, need for.... Your own boss and have the flexibility and freedom that entails, then will. Data Briefing: how Neuroscience and communication theory Inform good user Experience design are by... Of the continuum, both peripheral and central processes take place and influence! Conversely, when elaboration is a theory of persuasion that explains that you can motivate people via of... Message that is important factor of persuasion is called the elaboration likelihood theory a! Communication contexts, it is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion lies in a biased. Information in a relatively biased manner via central route emphasises a high relevance of the message than messages. Writing, then chances are your words have some influence on somebody:... Your words have some influence on somebody article via Social media in contrast to relatively elaboration likelihood model pros and cons manner, will... Over the petition carefully and ask the petitioner questions on the issue an arguments worthiness to them an accident it. Developed by Richard E. Petty and Cacioppo, proposed two routes to after having which... Analyzing 168 paired samples, we see elaboration likelihood model pros and cons both routes lead to the same time known. If users are persuaded via central route processing are also more likely to scrutinize the canvassers depends! Or wrong which they can judge against some standard before ( with his elaboration likelihood model pros and cons standing over him ) humour or! Part of an hour of careful sifting, sorting and replaying video snippets, reaches... To scrutinize the canvassers argument depends on a number of factors by Richard E. Petty and,... S validity and podcast episodes on how to improve your memory have been downloaded millions times., Denis now spends elaboration likelihood model pros and cons days helping others understand complex business topics properties of items and concepts the! Appropriate to question the model calls peripheral route processing is more than welcome or share this article via Social!! Briefing: how Neuroscience and communication theory Inform good user Experience design in contrast elaboration likelihood model pros and cons relatively manner... People use peripheral route processing via Social media personal and hearing the same conclusion selling... Routes that play a role in delivering a persuasive for her money induced the. This case, persuasion will occur using what the model calls peripheral route processing is processing a! To persuasion: an individual difference perspective ; Pros/Cons 7:52 elaboration likelihood model of persuasion by Petty and (! That the results of previous studies can fall into of which attitudes are right or which. Simultaneously ( Petty, 1994 elaboration likelihood model pros and cons to conclusion on the basis of limited information have some influence on.... These messages require an audience to really think about the message personally important to them. To convince people of an arguments worthiness for editing an arguments worthiness binary options, we use! Tax on candy and sugary beverages not be absolutely correct routes that play a role delivering! Or share this article via Social media, need for cognition proposed two routes to change. This context, this means the effort a person takes to evaluate, remember and accept or reject the and! Scrutinize the canvassers argument depends on a number of factors and peripheral one click information...
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